Global Order and Geopolitics

Which leaders are we talking about? The cost of “banality” The worst effect of these leaders is not the money they appropriate (which is considerable), but the opportunity cost. While these societies debated political or criminal responsibility for Cristina’s handbags, Maduro’s birds, Fernández’s parties at the Olivos presidential residence, or the legal proceedings against Sánchez’s […]

The Uruguayan case and declassified intelligence files exposing Cold War operational networks Spies with Names and Surnames: “RIFLE” If a civilian operating as a paid spy for international communism seems reprehensible, what would it mean if he were a military officer? The Uruguayan case as a study of ideological and operational infiltration by the Soviet

The Uruguayan case as a study of Soviet bloc ideological and operational infiltration in Latin America. In The Art of War, written around 500 B.C., Sun Tzu classifies five types of spies: the native spy, the inside spy, the double agent, the expendable spy, and the living spy. He clarifies, although it hardly seems necessary,

A global ranking of presidents defined by incompetence, corruption, and structural damage The worst in class Historical turning points have always thrown rulers off balance, with only rare and honorable exceptions, who proved genuine wisdom by getting ahead of their time or by choosing a dignified exit. The demands placed on exceptional leaders and technically

How low-intensity institutional failure turns modern democracies into hollow states. Uruguay as a regional case study The final outcome is not always social explosion. Sometimes it is systemic languishing. The country simply stops functioning. Basic services deteriorate to the point of disappearance, infrastructure decays, and the rule of law becomes optional and selective. In this

How political incompetence and permanent debt hollow out parliaments and suffocate productive economies When taxation is no longer sufficient, Parliament authorizes permanent increases in debt or monetary issuance, which function as deferred or hidden taxes, deepening long-term damage without any serious cost-benefit analysis. What may once have been, millennia ago, a mechanism to overcome critical

How legislatures surrender their role, enabling fiscal abuse and the erosion of the productive citizen Abuse Against the Taxpayer Parliament should act as the citizen’s shield against the fiscal appetite of the State. Instead, a phenomenon of technical or political blindness has taken hold. New taxes and regulatory burdens are enacted for revenue purposes without

The Uruguayan Rajka case and communist influence networks operating from Eastern Europe Communist espionage agents in South America did not resemble the James Bond characters of Fleming’s novels. They neither possessed elegant manners nor a license to kill, nor did they live surrounded by glamorous women. They were ordinary individuals, many of them journalists, like

The Uruguayan case and the role of intelligence services operating under diplomatic cover. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union openly identified the United States as its main enemy. From that premise, it sought to encircle it strategically while reinforcing its own borders through satellite states. Within that framework, Cuba’s attempt to export its revolution

Why the intervention in Caracas is better understood through geopolitics than oil interests Following the U.S. armed operation in Caracas and the transfer of Maduro’s regime to U.S. territory, public reactions split sharply between support and condemnation. Most of the criticism revolved around two claims. First, that the action violated public international law and bypassed