Author name: GUILLERMO SILVA GRUCCI

From the Quranic concept of People of the Book to the reality of millions of Christians facing persecution, discrimination and silence in Islamic countries and totalitarian regimes. When we referred to the situation of Armenian Christians during the Ottoman Empire, we saw that, at least for a time, they were organized into millets.Beyond theological differences, […]

From Ibn Khaldun to Belloc, an essay on how small extremist minorities can reshape the historical perception of an entire civilization. In 1377, the sociologist and historian Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) wrote Al-Muqaddimah, or Introduction to Universal History.The book covers a wide range of subjects, including war.Chapter XXXVII of Book III refers to war as “the

From France to the Triple Frontier, ideological, criminal, and terrorist networks reveal a continuity the West often sees too late. Studies conducted by the French institute IFOP, a local polling firm founded in 1938, published in April 2026, reveal that 46% of Muslims living in France, including those born in the country, believe that Islamic

Uruguay’s recognition of the Armenian genocide remains a disturbing reminder of moral courage before diplomatic calculation. Uruguay’s recognition of the Armenian genocide remains an uncomfortable reminder of moral courage before diplomatic calculation.Slug: uruguay-armenia-realpolitikMeta title: Uruguay, Armenia and RealpolitikMeta description: Uruguay’s early recognition of the Armenian genocide still challenges the silence of great powers.Axes of AnalysisUruguay

The fall of empires did not bring order, but unstable nationalisms and ethnic tensions that still persist The First World War was a confrontation between empires, not an ideological war between imperialists and anti-imperialists.The defeated empires strengthened the victors.Thus, while in 1913 the British Empire had 611 million subjects and covered 28.5 million km², by

The flawed design of the League of Nations anticipated World War II After World War I ended with the surrender of the Central Powers, the issue of peace conditions arose.A key figure, as expected, was U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.The Swedish historian Ragnar Svanström (who wrote the last two centuries of “Universal History,” originally begun by

Treaties banning chemical weapons were signed… and then systematically violated In our previous article we referred to the creation of the Red Cross and the Geneva Conventions for the protection of war victims.Conventions and treaties continued to be held in different places, all cloaked in the best intentions.At the same time, technology and science continued

From Solferino to the Red Cross, the attempt to civilize war collides with its own limits Humanity had already come a long way when attempts began to establish a legal framework for war. Humanity had already come a long way when attempts began to establish a legal framework for war.For many centuries, the justice of

From Thomas Aquinas to Clausewitz, the idea of just war evolves into a doctrine where political necessity displaces moral judgment. In the previous article we referred to the concept of just war, first suggested by Saint Augustine and later transformed into doctrine by Thomas Aquinas, whose formulation requires a competent authority to declare war, that

From Saint Augustine to Lenin: how war was justified and why its limits seem to have vanished today We reflected in our previous article on the difference between the legality and legitimacy of a legal norm.A problem that arises in everyday life and that, like so many others, allows for multiple interpretations.It concerns a legal